Petunjuk Teknis Instalasi Linux Server

Daftar Isi

1. Persiapan Instalasi
2. Pilihan Distribusi Linux
3. Instalasi Ubuntu Server
4. Instalasi CentOS Stream
5. Konfigurasi Awal Server
6. Setup Keamanan Dasar
7. Troubleshooting

Persiapan Instalasi

1. Kebutuhan Hardware Minimum

2. Software yang Dibutuhkan

• Rufus (untuk membuat bootable USB di Windows)
• balenaEtcher (alternatif cross-platform)
• VirtualBox (untuk testing di virtual machine)

3. Download ISO Linux Server

Ubuntu Server 22.04 LTS

• Download: ubuntu.com/download/server
• Size: ~1.4 GB
• Support: 5 tahun LTS

CentOS Stream 9

• Download: centos.org/download
• Size: ~2 GB
• Support: Rolling release

Pilihan Distribusi Linux

Ubuntu Server

✅ Kelebihan:

• Mudah untuk pemula
• Repository lengkap
• Dokumentasi bagus
• Komunitas besar

❌ Kekurangan:

• Update setiap 6 bulan
• Sedikit lebih berat

CentOS Stream

✅ Kelebihan:

• Sangat stabil
• Cocok untuk enterprise
• Update keamanan cepat
• Ringan

❌ Kekurangan:

• Learning curve lebih curam
• Repository lebih terbatas

Instalasi Ubuntu Server

Step 1: Buat Bootable USB

1. Download Rufus dari rufus.ie

2. Masukkan USB flash drive (minimal 4GB)
3. Pilih ISO Ubuntu Server
4. Klik "Start" untuk membuat bootable USB

Step 2: Boot dari USB

1. Masukkan USB ke server
2. Restart dan masuk BIOS (biasanya F2, F10, atau DEL)
3. Set boot priority ke USB
4. Save dan restart

Step 3: Proses Instalasi

Language Selection

Source: ubuntu.com

Pilih "English" atau "Bahasa Indonesia" lalu tekan Enter.

Keyboard Configuration

Source: ubuntu.com

Pilih layout keyboard yang sesuai, biasanya "English (US)".

Network Configuration

Source: ubuntu.com

System akan otomatis mendeteksi network interface. Untuk server, disarankan menggunakan IP statik:

# Contoh konfigurasi IP statik
IP Address: 192.168.1.100
Netmask: 255.255.255.0
Gateway: 192.168.1.1
DNS: 8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4

Proxy Configuration

Jika menggunakan proxy corporate, masukkan konfigurasi proxy. Jika tidak ada, biarkan kosong.

Mirror Address

Pilih mirror terdekat untuk kecepatan download. Untuk Indonesia:

• id.archive.ubuntu.com
• kambing.ui.ac.id

Disk Partitioning

Source: ubuntu.com

Opsi 1: Otomatis (Recommended untuk pemula)

• "Use an entire disk"
• "Set up this disk as an LVM group"

Opsi 2: Manual (Advanced)

/ (root)     : 20-30 GB
/home        : 10-20 GB  
/var         : 20-50 GB
/swap        : 2x RAM size
/tmp         : 5-10 GB

User Configuration

Source: ubuntu.com

• Server name: ubuntu-server
• Username: admin (hindari "root")
• Password: Gunakan password yang kuat (minimal 12 karakter)
• Enable SSH key: Yes (untuk akses remote)

Software Selection

Source: ubuntu.com

Pilih software yang akan diinstall:

• ✅ OpenSSH server (wajib untuk remote access)
• ✅ Standard system utilities
• ⬜ Docker (install manual jika diperlukan)
• ⬜ LAMP (install manual jika diperlukan)

Install GRUB Bootloader

Source: ubuntu.com

Pilih "Install the GRUB boot loader on a hard disk" untuk membuat server bisa booting.

Step 4: Post-Installation

Setelah instalasi selesai, system akan restart. Lepas USB dan server akan boot ke Ubuntu Server.

Login dengan username dan password yang sudah dibuat:

Ubuntu 22.04 LTS ubuntu-server tty1
ubuntu-server login: admin
Password: ********
Welcome to Ubuntu 22.04 LTS (GNU/Linux 5.15.0-52-generic x86_64)

 * Documentation:  https://help.ubuntu.com
 * Management:     https://landscape.canonical.com
 * Support:        https://ubuntu.com/pro

Last login: Wed Dec 10 10:30:15 2025
admin@ubuntu-server:~$ 

Instalasi CentOS Stream

Step 1: Buat Bootable USB

Sama seperti Ubuntu, gunakan Rufus atau balenaEtcher untuk membuat bootable USB dari ISO CentOS Stream.

Step 2: Boot dan Proses Instalasi

Boot Menu

Source: docs.centos.org

Pilih "Install CentOS Stream 9" dan tekan Enter.

Language Selection

Pilih "English" atau "Bahasa Indonesia" lalu klik "Continue".

Installation Summary

Source: docs.centos.org

Konfigurasi yang perlu diatur:

1. Keyboard: Layout keyboard
2. Language Support: Bahasa yang didukung
3. Time & Date: Timezone (Asia/Jakarta)
4. Installation Destination: Partisi disk
5. Network & Host Name: Konfigurasi network
6. Software Selection: Pilihan software

Disk Partitioning di CentOS

Opsi 1: Otomatis

• "Automatic" untuk partisi otomatis
• Centang "I would like to make additional space available"

Opsi 2: Manual (Custom)

/boot/efi    : 512 MB   (EFI System Partition)
/boot        : 1 GB     (Boot partition)
/            : 20 GB    (Root filesystem)
/home        : 10 GB    (User data)
/var         : 30 GB    (Application data)
/swap        : 4 GB     (Swap space)

Network Configuration

Source: docs.centos.org

1. Klik "Network & Host Name"
2. Set hostname: centos-server
3. Configure network interface:
   • Set "Connect automatically"
   • Configure IPv4: Manual
   • IP: 192.168.1.101
   • Netmask: 255.255.255.0
   • Gateway: 192.168.1.1
   • DNS: 8.8.8.8

Software Selection

Base Environment:

• Server with GUI (jika perlu desktop)
• Server (minimal, command line only)
• Minimal Install (paling ringan)

Additional Software:

• ✅ Standard (utilities dasar)
• ✅ Development Tools (jika akan compile software)
• ✅ System Tools (administrasi tools)
• ✅ Headless Management (remote management)

User Configuration

1. Root Password: Set password root yang kuat
2. User Creation: Buat user biasa untuk daily use
   • Username: admin
   • Make this user administrator: Yes

Step 3: Mulai Instalasi

Klik "Begin Installation" dan tunggu proses instalasi selesai (15-30 menit tergantung hardware).

Konfigurasi Awal Server

1. Update System

Ubuntu/Debian

sudo apt update && sudo apt upgrade -y
sudo apt install -y curl wget git vim htop

CentOS/RHEL

sudo dnf update -y
sudo dnf install -y curl wget git vim htop

2. Konfigurasi Network

Ubuntu (Netplan)

Edit file /etc/netplan/00-installer-config.yaml:

network:
  version: 2
  ethernets:
    ens33:
      dhcp4: no
      addresses: [192.168.1.100/24]
      gateway4: 192.168.1.1
      nameservers:
        addresses: [8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4]

Apply konfigurasi:

sudo netplan apply

CentOS (NetworkManager)

# Edit connection
nmcli connection edit ens33

# Set static IP
nmcli> set ipv4.method manual
nmcli> set ipv4.addresses 192.168.1.101/24
nmcli> set ipv4.gateway 192.168.1.1
nmcli> set ipv4.dns 8.8.8.8
nmcli> save
nmcli> quit

# Restart network
sudo systemctl restart NetworkManager

3. Setup SSH Key Authentication

# Generate SSH key (di client)
ssh-keygen -t rsa -b 4096 -C "admin@server"

# Copy key ke server
ssh-copy-id [email protected]

# Test login
ssh [email protected]

4. Konfigurasi Firewall

Ubuntu (UFW)

# Enable firewall
sudo ufw enable

# Allow SSH
sudo ufw allow ssh

# Allow web server
sudo ufw allow 80/tcp
sudo ufw allow 443/tcp

# Check status
sudo ufw status

CentOS (Firewalld)

# Start firewall
sudo systemctl start firewalld
sudo systemctl enable firewalld

# Allow SSH
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=ssh

# Allow web server
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=http
sudo firewall-cmd --permanent --add-service=https

# Reload firewall
sudo firewall-cmd --reload

# Check status
sudo firewall-cmd --list-all

Setup Keamanan Dasar

1. Disable Root Login

Edit /etc/ssh/sshd_config:

# Find and change this line
PermitRootLogin no
PasswordAuthentication no

# Restart SSH service
sudo systemctl restart sshd

2. Setup Fail2Ban

# Ubuntu
sudo apt install -y fail2ban

# CentOS
sudo dnf install -y fail2ban

# Enable and start
sudo systemctl enable fail2ban
sudo systemctl start fail2ban

3. Create User dengan Sudo

# Create new user
sudo adduser developer
sudo usermod -aG sudo developer

# Test sudo access
su - developer
sudo whoami

4. Setup Timezone dan NTP

# Set timezone
sudo timedatectl set-timezone Asia/Jakarta

# Install NTP
# Ubuntu
sudo apt install -y ntp

# CentOS  
sudo dnf install -y chrony

# Enable and start
sudo systemctl enable ntp  # atau chrony
sudo systemctl start ntp   # atau chrony

Troubleshooting

1. Tidak Bisa Boot dari USB

Masalah: USB tidak terdeteksi di boot menu Solusi:

• Coba USB port yang berbeda
• Disable Secure Boot di BIOS
• Coba buat ulang bootable USB dengan tool berbeda

2. Network Tidak Terdeteksi

Masalah: Tidak ada koneksi network setelah instalasi Solusi:

# Cek network interface
ip link show

# Cek driver
lspci -k | grep -i net

# Restart network
sudo systemctl restart networking  # Ubuntu
sudo systemctl restart NetworkManager  # CentOS

3. SSH Connection Refused

Masalah: Tidak bisa SSH ke server Solusi:

# Cek SSH service
sudo systemctl status sshd

# Cek port
sudo netstat -tlnp | grep :22

# Cek firewall
sudo ufw status  # Ubuntu
sudo firewall-cmd --list-all  # CentOS

4. Disk Space Penuh

Masalah: Server tidak bisa install/update karena disk penuh Solusi:

# Cek disk usage
df -h

# Cari file besar
sudo find / -type f -size +1G 2>/dev/null

# Clean package cache
# Ubuntu
sudo apt clean
# CentOS
sudo dnf clean all

Tips Tambahan

1. Backup Konfigurasi Penting

# Buat direktori backup
mkdir -p ~/backup/$(date +%Y%m%d)

# Backup konfigurasi penting
sudo cp /etc/netplan/*.yaml ~/backup/$(date +%Y%m%d)/
sudo cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config ~/backup/$(date +%Y%m%d)/
sudo cp /etc/fstab ~/backup/$(date +%Y%m%d)/

2. Monitoring Dasar

# Install monitoring tools
sudo apt install -y htop iotop nethogs  # Ubuntu
sudo dnf install -y htop iotop nethogs  # CentOS

# Monitor system
htop          # CPU dan memory
iotop         # Disk I/O
nethogs       # Network usage

3. Setup Log Rotation

# Cek log rotation config
ls /etc/logrotate.d/

# Manual rotate
sudo logrotate -f /etc/logrotate.conf

Checklist Post-Instalasi

• [ ] System update selesai
• [ ] Network configuration OK
• [ ] SSH key authentication setup
• [ ] Firewall enabled
• [ ] User accounts created
• [ ] Timezone configured
• [ ] NTP service running
• [ ] Fail2ban installed
• [ ] Root login disabled
• [ ] Backup configuration
• [ ] Monitoring tools installed

Guide ini dibuat untuk membantu instalasi Linux server untuk pemula. Untuk production environment, disarankan untuk melakukan konfigurasi keamanan yang lebih lanjut.

Terakhir diperbarui: Desember 2025